Tampilkan postingan dengan label Science. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Science. Tampilkan semua postingan

Minggu, 23 November 2014

What Life Is Really Like In Space According To Astronaut Marsha Ivins

Marsha Ivins says that Earth’s view from space is incredible.  “It’s breathtaking. It’s surreal. It’s a “we’re not in Kansas anymore, Toto” kind of feeling.” But  55 days in space on five NASA missions, has taught her that it’s not just about the breathtaking moments, “It’s a mix of the transcendentally magical and the deeply prosaic.”. Sometimes its noisy, crowded and uncomfortable- it’s nothing glamorous but the view from up there is unbeatable!
Astronaut Marsha Ivins
Image Source: www.wired.com/
For the two hours after the astronauts climb the shuttle, most of them take naps. They are strapped in like a sack of potatoes as the system goes through prelaunch checks. Occasionally, they have to wake up and say “loud and clear” or “Roger” but there’s really nothing to be worried or nervous about. The launch itself however is a whole other thing- “from the pad to orbit in 8.5 minutes, accelerating the entire time until you reach the orbital velocity of 17,500 mph. That is a ride.”

When in orbit, there is no gravity so the body fluids move towards your head. Your stomach goes flat and you get a great face lift. You tend to grow a foot or two and you feel long. “I thought, “Oh cool, I’ll be tall,” but of course everybody else was taller too.” It does have some disadvantages however; an enormous headache starts when the fluid shifts north and the body compensates by losing a liter of fluid during the first couple of days. 


“You essentially pee the headache away. And a lot of people get nauseated. The way to feel better is to “lose up,” to convince your visual system that “up” is wherever you point your head and “down” is where your feet are.” You start getting adapted to Zero-g if you can do that and either go headfirst or earlobe first. Your body adapts on each flight but it may take a few days for your stomach to finally settle down.


Astronaut Marsha Ivins on her fifth mission on board the space shuttle Atlantis in 2001
Astronaut Marsha Ivins on her fifth mission on board the space shuttle Atlantis in 2001. Image Source :www.wired.com
Food can taste a little different on space. “I’d bring great chocolate with me and it would taste like wax—it was very disappointing,” she says. They cannot cook on the ISS or shuttle and therefore they either carry vacuum-packed food, free-dried food or Thermo-stabilized food. They add water to the food and warm it up in the oven.  Since there is no refrigerator on board, the fresh food goes bad fast and they make sure they eat anything fresh like fruits; oranges, apples and grapefruits, during the early days of the mission.

The strangest experience while in space is sleeping. It’s so easy to sleep on earth but in space, they strap their sleeping bags to the wall, floor or ceiling or anywhere and get in- just like camping. 


“The bag has armholes, so you stick your arms through, reaching outside the bag to zip it up. You tighten the Velcro straps around you to make you feel like you’re tucked in. Then you strap your head to the pillow—a block of foam—with another Velcro strap, to allow your neck to relax. If you don’t tuck your arms into the bag, they drift out in front of you. Sometimes you wake up in the morning to see an arm floating in front of your face and think, “Whoa! What is that?” until you realize it’s yours.”  


During most of her flights, she slept in the shuttle’s middeck. Nobody was working there when they were not doing an extra-vehicular activity (EVA), and it was like her own private bedroom. But it was the coldest part of the shuttle by around 20 degrees. She would wear four layers of clothes and tuck her arms into the bag. On some occasions, she would warm up a package of food and throw it into the sleeping bag like a hot water bottle.


“On the last two nights of my final flight, I slept on the flight deck, my sleeping bag strapped beneath the overhead windows. The position of the shuttle put Earth in those windows, so when I woke up the whole world was out there in front of me—in that moment, just for me alone.”

 
Shuttle flights are always busy because they have to carry out daily maintenance, experiments, robotic operations and EVAs. It’s a lot of hard work and can get stressful and scary in its own way. If you screw up, people all over the world are watching. But she also found it relaxing. When on earth, one is never out of touch. You can be reached at all times but while in space you get out of reach. You can communicate via email but there are no everyday worries like whether you fed the dog or paid the bills.


“I felt like everyday things just stopped at the edge of the atmosphere. I was totally liberated from Earth. But all those earthly concerns reattached as soon as we re-entered. By the time I landed, my brain was mapping out a to-do list.”

 
When you return to earth, the inner ear that keeps you balanced on earth becomes a little sensitive due to gravity. It’s been turned off during the trip to space and you have to learn how to move in a gravity field because your balance is off. Muscles that have been dormant for weeks also have to reengage so that you can do everyday stuff like stand, walk and hold things. Sometimes it takes days or even weeks to get the earth legs back. 


 “It was hard, it was exciting, it was scary, it was indescribable. And yes, I’d go back in a heartbeat,” She says.
[source: www.wired.com]

Minggu, 16 November 2014

These Sculptures Are so small You Can’t See Them with Your Naked Eye

The new sculpture series by Jonty Hurwitz recreates the smallest human form. The anamorphic artist creates sculptures that are 20 x 80 x100 microns- this is approximately the size of a human sperm. He explains on his website that the sculptures are approximately the size your finger grows every 5 to 6 hours. The tiny art works are so small they cannot be seen with naked eyes. 
Eye of a needle
Trust Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From )
The nano sculptures by Hurwitz are named ‘Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss’, ‘Trust’, and ‘Intensity’. They explore myth vs. reality and science vs. legend. They are created with groundbreaking 3D printing technology and Multiphoton Lithography. The works are ultimately created using the two photon absorption physical phenomenon- its art literary created using Quantum Physics.
'Trust'
Trust Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
As technology starts to evolve faster than our human perception is able to handle, the line between science and myth becomes blurred. We live in an era where the impossible has finally come to pass. In our own little way we have become demi-gods of creation…The nano works that I present to you here represent more than just a feat of science though.  They represent the moment in history that we ourselves are able to create a full human form at the same scale as the sperm that creates us in order to facilitate the creation.  It’s a bit like breaking the artistic sound barrier.
'Trust'
Trust Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
Despite being microscopic, the sculptures are detailed with individual feathers in the cupid wings and tiny fingers, ears and belly buttons. The realistic and emotive human figures are even smaller than an ant’s eye!
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
The absolute fact is this: the human eye is unable to see these sculptures.  All you see is a small mirror with ... nothing on it.  The only way to perceive these works is on the screen of powerful scanning electron microscope. So how can you ever know that this sculpture really exists? 
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
"Your only way to engage with it is through a screen, and a mouse separating you and the art via a vacuum and a series of mathematically mind-blowing quantum processes that shower the art with particles to map its contours.  Can you be sure of its existence if your basic senses are telling you that nothing is there? The line between myth and science is fine. To celebrate this, I have based these sculptures on the beautiful myth of Cupid and Psyche.”
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss
Cupid and Psyche: The First Kiss Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
INTENSITY
Intensity Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
INTENSITY
Intensity Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
INTENSITY
Intensity Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
INTENSITY
Intensity Sculpture Image Credit: Jonty Hurwitz (Taken From)
[source: www.jontyhurwitz.com]
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Kamis, 13 November 2014

These 10 Body Functions Continue Working After Death

Death should not deny you all things you enjoy doing, so long as they are pretty basic. Certain body functions continue for either minutes, hours, days and even weeks after death. It’s hard to believe but, the body does continue some of its basic functions after death. This post may not be ideal to read if you have a weak stomach!
10 Body Functions Continue Working After Death
Image Source: www.unwinnable.com
1. Hair and Nail Growth
This is actually a technical function. It’s not that more nail and hair tissue are produced after death but these things ‘grow’ days after a body dies. After death the skin will lose moisture and pull back. This leads to more exposure of hair and the nails also appear to be longer. When measuring the length of nails and hair, you do it from where they meet the skin to the hair tip, so the hair does ‘grow’.

2. Brain Activity (with drugs)
Modern technology has blurred the time between life and death. These days the brain could be gone completely but the heart is still pumping. If no breathing is present and the heart has stopped for a minute, (and the person was on the verge of death anyway), most of the doctors will pronounce them dead even though for the next few minutes the brain is technically still alive. At this point in time, there’s a scramble for oxygen and nutrients by the brain cells so as to stay alive. They do this to a point where they damage themselves irreparably even though the heart does start up again.  With the right drugs, those minutes before damage is too extensive can be extended to days but under the right circumstances. This would ideally give doctors the chance to save a life but there are no guarantees.

3. Skin cell growth
Loss of blood circulation will kill the brain within minutes, but not all cells need the constant care. The Skin cells for example are used to being on the outskirts of the body and using osmosis to grab what they can and stay alive for days. 

4. Peeing
For most of us, peeing is a voluntary action until something is really funny. Not-peeing however is not voluntary. We don’t think about it because there’s a part of the brain in charge of that function. This part is also involved in the regulation of breathing and the heartbeat, and that’s one of the reasons why people sometimes pee involuntarily if drunk. The brain part that makes sure the urinary sphincter is closed gets inhibited. (As you continue drinking more alcohol, the part which regulates the heart function and breathing shuts down and that’s why too much alcohol can be dangerous.) Rigor mortis will stiffen the muscles but this sets in hours after death, then the muscles will relax and urination will occur.

5. Pooing
During stressing times, the body will eliminate waste and if you are lucky this will not be in front of a crowd of people or worse, a camera. The body tends to relax certain muscles and well, things just tend to…progress. As for dead bodies, the process is helped by gas produced in the body and can take place hours after death. So, considering fetuses poop in the womb also, then pooping may be the first and last thing we do in this life!

6. Digestion
Apparently, when you die, you not only expel stuff but make more. This is because we share our bodies with other beneficial creatures like the bacteria in our gut that doesn’t die once we do. They aid in digestion and carry out some beneficial work for us. They will continue doing this whether we are alive or dead. Some of them eat into our intestine lining and produce the gas that repulsed us in section 5(the one that makes sure things are pushed along).

7. Erections and Ejaculations
After the heart stops, it stops forcing blood around the body and it pools in the lowest part of the body. People can either die facing down or standing up and you can understand the kind of pooling this would encourage. Relaxation of muscles after death does not last forever.  Calcium ions activate some types of muscle cells and after activation; these cells expend energy that puts the calcium ions back outside the cell. The membranes will become more permeable to the calcium after death and the cells will not expend enough energy to push these ions out and hence the muscles will contract. Rigor mortis will take place and may lead to ejaculation. 

8. Muscle movement
Some nervous system areas could still be active even after the brain has died. Some nurses have reported seeing reflex action on patients after death. This occurs when the nerves send signals to the spinal cord instead of the brain.
Image Source: www.imdb.com
9. Vocalization
A dead body rots when the bacteria go to work. Gas proportions increase leading to a buildup. One of the ways for this gas to escape is through the windpipe. Rigor mortis as we’ve seen, stiffens muscles including those working the vocal cords. This combination leads to very eerie sounds that come from the dead bodies. You can hear groans, moans and squeaks’ from the dead bodies and it’s your choice to either stay around and confirm whether they are really dead or run for your life.

10. Giving birth
Some time ago when people dropped dead like flies, some women would die while pregnant; sometimes, the times would be too cold for a proper burial. This led to the term ‘coffin birth’. The softening of flesh and the gas build up were said to combine and expel the fetus. These were rare events that caused lots of rumors. It sounds unreal but it happened and this is another reason you should be glad you are living in the modern world.
[Source: 1,2,3,4,5,6]

Selasa, 04 November 2014

Steve Jobs Limited How Much Technology His Kids Could Access And Why You Should Too

If you are from the Gen-Y era, you must have given thought to how you would like to raise your kids in this day and age. Technology has undergone some great changes since the 90’s, when we were children. One question you must be battling with is whether you will introduce your kids to technological wonders like the iPad and iPod to your children?

Steve Jobs had a good reason as to why you shouldn’t. Nick Bilton, a New York Times Reporter said in a Sunday article that he once asked Jobs, “So your kids must love the iPad?” 
Baby with iPad
Image Source: www.mashable.com
“They haven’t used it,” Jobs responded. “We limit how much technology our kids use at home.”

In Silicon Valley, a trend of engineers and execs shield their children from technology. Their kids are sent to non-tech schools like the Waldorf School, Los Altos, where computers cannot be found. The schools focus only on hands-on learning. What makes those working in tech keep their kids from it? CEO of 3D Robotics, Chris Anderson, who is a father of five explained in The Times:
“My kids accuse me and my wife of being fascists and overly concerned about tech, and they say that none of their friends have the same rules…  That’s because we have seen the dangers of technology firsthand. I’ve seen it in myself, I don’t want to see that happen to my kids.”
Steve Jobs Family
Image Source: www.iclarified.com
Our current addiction to iPhones and other tech could be an indication that we are setting up our kids for incomplete, handicapped lives that are devoid of creativity, imagination and wonder, by hooking them onto technology during their early stages of life. Our generation was the last to play outside because there were no smart phones or laptops. Our learning was from hands-on interaction, movement and absorbing information through socializing with other humans and reading books. We didn’t have Google search!

We learnt in different ways and this has made us well-rounded individuals. Should we then be worried that we are robbing our kids the ability to play “candy crash” and snap chat all day because we didn’t give them a Smartphone or should we be worried that we may be robbing them of a less dependent and healthier environment if we do give them a Smartphone? 


Next time you think about raising your kids, you may want to consider highly not giving them whatever fancy tech available as they grow up. You could play outside with them and take them on nature walks. They will probably totally hate you for it but will thank you later because I bet that’s what most of us feel now that we are older.

Jumat, 10 Oktober 2014

7 Laboratories Located In Some Of The World's Most Extreme Environments

Researchers will go to extremes in order to get results. They will get out of their comfort zones, or out of our planet in the name of science. The laboratories discussed below are some where scientists have to work in the most difficult conditions, on the planet and sometimes off it, on mountaintops, at the poles or under water.Their work helps us better understand our universe and get valuable information on the weather, the human body, climate change and many other things.


7 Laboratories Located In Some Of The World's Most Extreme Environments

1. IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Antarctica
IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Antarctica
Image credit: Emanuel Jacobi/NSF (taken from)
It’s the coldest physics laboratory in the world. Equipment used to detect very high energy neutrinos (these are subatomic particles that are known to originate from some violent astronomical phenomena e.g., exploding stars) are not telescopes in space. In fact, they an array of sensors located deep below the surface of the earth. In the frozen wastes of the Antarctica, you will find the IceCube Neutrino Observatory located under a thick ice layer. The neutrinos sometimes react with molecules in the water to produce Cherenkov radiation that is picked up by PMTs (the photomultiplier tubes).
IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Antarctica
Image credit: Patrick Cullis/NSF (taken from)
Creation of IceCube involved the positioning of Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), which are spherical sensors that contain PMTs, at depths of between 1450 and 2,450 meters (4747 and 8038 feet). The Digital Optical Modules range over 1 cubic kilometer of ice which makes them part of the coldest physical laboratory and the largest neutrino observatory in the world. Raw data they collect at the observatory is approximately one terabyte daily which is around 1000 gigabytes, transmitted for analysis.(source:1,2,3)

2. Long Island’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA
Long Island’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA
Image credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory (taken from)
It’s the hottest temperature producing laboratory in the world. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) found at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, announced in February 2012, the production of temperature of around 4 trillion degrees Celsius (7.2 trillion degrees Fahrenheit). This is the hottest temperature man has ever created! It’s 250,000 times greater than the heat found at the earth’s center. This was achieved by the collision of gold ions at close to the speed of light, and quark-gluon plasma- which is a soup of elementary particles that existed in nature a fraction of a second after the Big Bang- was created.
Long Island’s Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, USA
Image credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory (taken from)
It’s the second most powerful heavy ion collider when compared to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The RHIC facility is also the only one where polarized protons are collided so as to study how protons obtain their spin. It’s the world record holder for the highest energy polarized protons to ever be seen and in addition, it produces record- breaking temperatures.(source:1,2,3,4,5)

3. Sagarmatha National Park’s Pyramid Laboratory in Nepal
Sagarmatha National Park’s Pyramid Laboratory in Nepal
Image credit: YouTube/Lorenzo Pini (taken from)
It’s the highest terrestrial laboratory in the world. In the Himalayas, at the Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal, there stands a pyramid shaped laboratory that is three storeys high. The laboratory and observatory is made out of steel, glass and aluminum. It’s located at the base of Mount Everest at 16,568 feet or 5,050 meters above sea level. The research done here is on subjects like human physiology, geology, the environment and climate.
Sagarmatha National Park’s Pyramid Laboratory in Nepal
Image credit: YouTube/Lorenzo Pini (taken from)
The laboratory was created by the Ev-K2-CNR committee, which is dedicated to the promotion of technical and scientific altitude research. It has three levels: laboratories and warehouses are on the first two levels while the third level is devoted to telecommunications and data processing. The pyramid is a landmark to scientists and also to locals who use its telecom facilities sometimes.(source:1,2,3,4,)

4. The NOAA Aquarius Reef Base, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in Florida, USA.
The NOAA Aquarius Reef Base, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in Florida, USA.
Image credit: NASA (taken from)
It’s the deepest underwater laboratory in the world and one of its kind. This is because other undersea laboratories like the Conshelf III and a Conshelf II cabin that were operational during the 1960s, went beneath the waves. The Aquarius lab is around 50 to 60 ft (which is about 15 to 18 meters) below the surface of the water in a marine sanctuary at Florida Keys. It has been used to study the ecology of the reef by researchers for the last two decades. Facilities in the laboratory include six bunks that have a bathroom plus windows that are onto the watery world outside.
The NOAA Aquarius Reef Base, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in Florida, USA.
Image credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (taken from)
Oceanographer Fabien Cousteau who is the grandson of the legendary explorer, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, spent 31 days at the Aquarius laboratory with five teammates in June 2014. The team studied ocean acidification effects, climate change, predatory-prey relations, pollution, and other topics.(source: 1,2)

5. CERN, Geneva Switzerland and France Border
CERN, Geneva Switzerland and France Border
Image credit: CERN (taken from)
It’s the largest physics laboratory in the world. The European Organization For Nuclear Research (CERN) is located just close to Geneva and covers more than 250 acres (100 hectares) of Switzerland and more than 1,125 acres (450 hectares) of France and is still growing. The Large Hadron Collider is housed in a 492 feet (150 meters) tunnel that’s below ground and that stretches for 27 kilometers (17 meters). And that’s not all, plans are underway to build another tunnel three times this size! Research done at the facility is aimed at uncovering the nature of the universe, so the massive scale is expected.
CERN, Geneva Switzerland and France Border
Image credit: CERN (taken from)
The intention of building CERN was to support collaboration between scientists from different nations. This it has succeeded in doing since currently, the facility is used by over 10,000 engineers and scientists from across 113 different countries.  There are nearly 1,500 employees working part-time and 2,400 that work full time. Since its founding in 1954, discoveries that are important and Nobel-winning have been made at the facility including technological developments that include the World Wide Web.(source:1,2,3)

6. SNOLAB, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
SNOLAB, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Image credit: SNOLAB (taken from)
It’s the deepest underground laboratory in the world. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNOLAB) found in Ontario, is used for observing deep space phenomenon found far below the earth’s surface, just like the IceCube. The facility can be found inside a nickel mine which is 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) deep. The laboratory covers 5,000 square meters (16,404 square feet) of space. Above ground, it boasts a support building that covers 3,100 square meters which is around 10,170 square foot. 
SNOLAB, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
Image credit: SNOLAB (taken from)
SNOLAB research is mainly focused on astroparticle physics which includes; cosmic dark matter, supernova nutritional searches and low-energy solar neutrinos. Scientists from other fields like seismology and geophysics have also expressed interests in working at this facility and this could help underground biology researchers.(source:1,)

7. International Space Station, outer Space
International Space Station, outer Space
Image credit: Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko (taken from)
It’s the highest altitude laboratory in the world. The International Space Station (ISS) is the most extreme laboratory in terms of speed, inhospitable environments and altitude. Orbiting the earth at altitudes that range from 205 to 270 miles (which is around 330 to 435 kilometers) and  averaging a speed of 27,724 km/hr (17,227 mph), the incredible space station is 108.5 meters (356 feet) wide and 72.8 meters(239 feet) long.
International Space Station, outer Space
Image credit: NASA (taken from)
A variety of experiments are carried out in this facility including human biology, physics, meteorology and astronomy. The almost weightless environment of the facility (which is as a result of its constant freefall state and not outer space’s zero gravity), makes it a unique research setting. Since November 2000, the facility has been visited by astronauts from over 15 different countries. The ISS is expected to be operational until 2020 but could remain in service until as late as 2028.(source:1)

Senin, 01 September 2014

Revolutionary Breakthrough As Indian Scientists Converted Plastic Wastes Into High-grade Petrol And Diesel

Soon, India will be able to convert their plastic waste into diesel and petrol. This is thanks to a great breakthrough by Dehradun-based Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) researchers. The IIP, which is a constituent lab of the Scientific and Industrial Research Council, has developed technology that converts plastic waste to petroleum products. Green technology is currently only available in Japan, Germany and US. The UK and Australia are still trying to work on it.
Soon, India will be able to convert their plastic waste into diesel and petrol.
Image Source: www.dailymail.co.uk
This technology uses a combination of suitable catalysts to convert plastic into diesel, gasoline or aromatics. LPG is also produced as a by-product. The IIP Director, M.O Garg says that the fuels obtained (diesel and gasoline) through the process the technology employs, are of very high quality and meet Euro-III standards. Almost nil sulphur content is used and the diesel obtained by using this process is of very high quality. It will also vastly reduce engine emissions according to officials. If an engine is run on this fuel, the vehicle will be able to run for at least two more kilometers per litre than when it uses ordinary diesel.
"We have applied for a patent. We developed this after nearly a decade of intensive research. We are now planning to commercialize the technology although we are still engaged in the process of engineering to design heavy machinery and processes," Garg told Mail Today. "The current prices of petrol, which is derived from crude hydrocarbons, range between Rs 70 to Rs 80 per litre. Petrol in this case costs Rs 30 to Rs 40 per litre, inclusive of the cost of plant, operations, manpower and land cost. There is a mammoth amount of solid waste generated in the country. It could be procured at a minuscule cost." 
This fuel will be ideal for users like state road corporations, railways and the defense establishment. As long as the effective implementation and enforcement of hazardous wastes (management and handling)Rules of 1989 is absent, handling of plastic waste in the country will continuously be a major challenge. If this technology is commercially implemented, India’s hazardous plastic waste problem will considerably be addressed.

Kamis, 21 Agustus 2014

10 Of The Maddest Scientists To Ever Exist. 6 Is Slightly Sadistic!

There are people who love science and then there are those who go a little overboard. Not all men of science follow the scholarly scientific process to determine the validity of their experiments. Some of them go beyond normal processes and methods to test their theories. They are a curious lot who find even the strangest methods to prove their theories right. In fact, most of these inventions exist due to the craziness of these scientists.
10 Of The Maddest Scientists To Ever Exist. 6 Is Slightly Sadistic!
Image Source: www.iflscience.com
1. Barry Marshall
To prove that he would get an ulcer, he drank bacteria
Barry Marshall To prove that he would get an ulcer, he drank bacteria
Image Source: www.popularmechanics.com

While everyone claimed that bacteria had no chance surviving in the stomach, Barry Marshal had other ideas; the Australian doctor knew that ulcers were caused by bacteria. He had watched his patients recover fully after antibiotic therapy but when he tried to make his findings public, the medical fraternity refused.
Barry Marshal decided to drink some bacteria to prove his point. Few days after and gastroenteritis symptoms began their kick in. He did confirm that he was right but he was in trouble. He biopsied his stomach and isolated the bacteria which he later got rid of using antibiotics. He won the Noble Prize in Physiology.

2. Werner Forssmann
He put a catheter into his heart.
Werner Forssmann He put a catheter into his heart.
Image Source: www.popularmechanics.com

Heart surgery was still in its early stages in 1929 and physicians were struggling to treat cardiac patients. Forssmann had this idea that if he snaked a hollow tube through a patient’s vein, he would reach the heart. His colleagues at Eberswalde, Germany, totally disagreed with this idea, claiming it would be fatal. 
To prove his point, Werner Forssmann shoved a catheter into his heart.
One of the nurses was willing to help out and agreed to sneak Forssmann sterile supplies, but only if he did the surgery on her instead of himself. He agreed to this and anesthetized the nurse. Then, he cut his own arm, blindly guided the catheter into his heart and triumphantly (and still breathing), hobbled to the X-Ray lab to show his colleagues his handiwork.
He received a Nobel Prize in Medicine years later after he made a promise to never operate on himself or knock out a nurse again.

3. Stubbins Ffirth
To show malaria is not contagious, he rubbed vomit into his eyes
Stubbins Ffirth To show malaria is not contagious, he rubbed vomit into his eyes
Image Source: www.wikimedia.org

Medical student Subbins Ffirth wanted to prove that malaria wasn’t contagious when the yellow fever epidemic hit in 1793. He failed. He smeared vomit that was infected onto his open wounds and rubbed it into his eyes. It didn’t affect him. He went on and sampled blood and urine from these same patients but he didn’t get the disease.
Malaria is quite a contagious disease but why didn’t Ffirth get it? Some critics suspect he used vomit from patients in their late-stage of malaria who were no longer contagious. Others were of the opinion that Ffirth didn’t inject the infected blood into his bloodstream directly. He got lucky, if rubbing vomit into one’s eyes can be considered that.

4. Thor Heyerdahl
You could call him, the Norwegian Indiana Jones. 
Thor Heyerdahl You could call him, the Norwegian Indiana Jones.
Image Source: www.popularmechanics.com

Thor Heyerdahl was an adventurer that studied geography, botany and biology. He used wild expeditions to prove his archaeological theories. He once sailed using a homemade reed raft across the Pacific Ocean.
Heyerdahl suspected that tiny reed boats were used by ancient people to sail the high seas and trade their wares. When mainstream anthropologists said it could be done, Heyerdahl took it as his cue to embark on this DIY project.  He assembled a team in 1947 and they created a bare-bones boat using bent reed. For the next 101 days, they voyaged 4300 miles across the Pacific Ocean to prove they could.
In 2011, Heyerdahl’s hypothesis was further reinforced by genetic evidence. However some mainstream anthropologists maintain that the sea stunt didn’t prove a thing. 

5. Tycho Brahe
Lost his nose in a duel over mathematics
Tycho Brahe Lost his nose in a duel over mathematics
Image Source: www.channel4.com

Danish nobleman, Tycho Brahe, was an irascible and eccentric astronomer who owned a pet moose and midget jesters. He loved arguing about math and at a dinner party in 1956 got into a heated debate over a mathematical formula. One of his guests made a mistake of disagreeing with him and an outraged Brahe challenged him into a rapier duel.
Brahe was great mathematician but a poor swordsman and that’s how he lost the bridge of his nose. He didn’t stop there though and continued to exploit widgets. He was also a famous astronomer who explored the cosmos, but he did all this while wearing a prosthetic nose that was made of precious metals. 

6. August Bier
Beat up his assistant to test anesthesia
August Bier Beat up his assistant to test anesthesia
Image Source: www.nytimes.com

Good surgery requires great anesthesia. German physician, August Bier decided to develop an aesthetic technique that was better in 1898. His theory was that he could numb his patients without having to put them to sleep by injecting cocaine into the space that’s around the spinal cord. To make sure that it was a working theory, he decided to try the spinal anesthesia on himself.
Liquid cocaine was injected into his spine by an assistant but the assistant fumbled on the procedure and Bier stepped in. He numbed the leg of his assistant and continued to beat him up so as to see if he could feel pain. He burned him with cigars and used iron hammers to the shins. 
By the end of the experiment, (of course) he lost an assistant but gained recognition worldwide as the slightly sadistic father of anesthesia.

7. Sir Henry Head
He surgically removed his nerves so as to study pain.
Sir Henry Head He surgically removed his nerves so as to study pain.
Image Source: www.english.rfi.fr/

British Neurologist, Sir Henry Head had a hard time understanding how pain worked. He spent time interviewing nerve damage patients about what they felt exactly. He didn’t get an exclusive description from them and decided to try it out himself.
He ordered one of his surgeon friends to surgically remove a portion of his radical nerve. When his motor functions were severed, he began conducting strange experiments on himself.  He recorded his pain in detail and this earned him a knighthood and various Nobel Prize nominations. Most importantly, he got peace of mind; “I shall know a great deal about pain by the time this is over." 

8. George Stratton
To prove that the brain adapts, he wore inverted lenses to his face for over a week.
George Stratton To prove that the brain adapts, he wore inverted lenses to his face for over a week.
Image Source: www.newscientist.com/

The American psychologist, George Stratton studied sensory perception during the 1890s. He was certain that the brain would correct imbalance and turn everything right side up. He decided to try the theory himself.
He started living in an upside-down world and by the fourth day, was sick and disoriented. His vision however remained inverted. By day five, the images started turning right-side up and by day eight navigation of the upside-down world became easy to him. When he finally removed the glasses, the right-side up spun around him, and he couldn’t tell right from left till his brain adjusted. He therefore concluded that the mind can adjust senses to meet environmental pressures. The upside-down world is therefore not so confusing.

9. Elsie Widdowson
Developed the minimum wartime diet by starving herself
Elsie Widdowson Developed the minimum wartime diet by starving herself
Image Source: www.popularmechanics.com

During World War II, wartime rations were few and sometimes civilians were left hungry and worried about malnutrition. Dietician and chemist, Elsie Widdowson, resolved to find a solution to this by finding the minimum dietary needs required for one to survive. When she couldn’t get a solution to her problem, she stopped eating.
She subjected herself to various starvation diets and survived on only meager portions of cabbage, bread, and potatoes for a few months. To prove that this minimum rations would sustain different lifestyles, she climbed mountains and hiked trails daily. Her records of overall health throughout the regiment were eventually used as Britain’s wartime diet.

10. Kevin Warwick
Turned himself into a cyborg prototype.
Kevin Warwick Turned himself into a cyborg prototype.
Image Source: www.kevinwarwick.com

Kevin Warwick, British scientist and cybernetics professor, likes robots so much. He felt like robotic research was failing and decided to become the first cyborg in the world. 
His first experiments were not at all ambitious. He got an RFID chip implanted onto his arm in 1998. The chip turned on lights, interfaced with computers, and helped open electric doors. By 2002 however, he went full robot. He used electronics, surgery and his fearlessness to test whether his nervous system would integrate with a neural interface. He even went ahead and tried to relay his emotions electronically to another cyborg recruit who was his wife.
The whole experiment does look like a disaster waiting to happen but Warwick reminds us that though research is risky, unsetting and transgressive, there are scientists out there who would do anything to prove their theories right.